Basic Sciences in Respiratory

Quiz Summary

0 of 20 Questions completed

Questions:

You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.

Quiz is loading…

You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.

You must first complete the following:

Results

Quiz complete. Results are being recorded.

Results

0 of 20 Questions answered correctly

Your time:

You have reached 0 of 0 point(s), (0)

Average score
Your score

Question 1 of 20

1. Question

Which of the following would shift the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve to the left, increasing haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

Increased carbon monoxide binding
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Decreased pH (acidaemia)
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased temperature
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 2 of 20

2. Question

Which of the following best describes the physiological response of the pulmonary vasculature to regional alveolar hypoxia?

Vasoconstriction of vessels adjacent to hypoxic alveoli to divert blood to better-ventilated regions
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Vasodilatation of vessels adjacent to hypoxic alveoli to improve perfusion
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Systemic arterial vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased bronchial arterial flow to hypoxic segments
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Global pulmonary vasodilatation mediated by nitric oxide
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 3 of 20

3. Question

A restrictive ventilatory defect on pulmonary function testing is best characterised by which of the following?

Reduced total lung capacity with a preserved or increased FEV1/FVC ratio
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reduced total lung capacity with a preserved or increased FEV1/FVC ratio
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased residual volume and functional residual capacity
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reduced FEV1 with a normal total lung capacity and reduced FEV1/FVC ratio
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Normal total lung capacity with increased residual volume
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 4 of 20

4. Question

Pulmonary surfactant, produced by type II pneumocytes, prevents small alveoli from collapsing into larger ones. This is best explained by which of the following?

Surfactant reduces surface tension more in smaller alveoli than in larger alveoli
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Surfactant increases surface tension equally in all alveoli
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Surfactant increases the radius of small alveoli directly
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Surfactant eliminates the relationship described by Laplace's law
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Surfactant increases alveolar wall thickness to resist collapse
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 5 of 20

5. Question

The central chemoreceptors in the medulla primarily respond to which of the following stimuli to regulate ventilation?

Hydrogen ion concentration of cerebrospinal fluid, determined by arterial CO2
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen directly
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Arterial hydrogen ion concentration crossing the blood–brain barrier directly
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Plasma bicarbonate concentration directly
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 6 of 20

6. Question

According to Fick’s law, the rate of gas diffusion across the alveolar–capillary membrane is increased by which of the following?

Increased partial pressure gradient across the membrane
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased membrane thickness
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Decreased surface area
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased molecular weight of the diffusing gas
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Decreased gas solubility
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 7 of 20

7. Question

In an upright healthy adult, which of the following best describes the ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) ratio at the apex of the lung compared with the base?

The V/Q ratio is higher at the apex than at the base
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Both ventilation and perfusion are greater at the apex
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Perfusion exceeds ventilation at the apex
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The V/Q ratio is uniform throughout the lung
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The V/Q ratio approaches zero at the apex
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 8 of 20

8. Question

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency predisposes to early-onset emphysema primarily because of which of the following mechanisms?

Unopposed neutrophil elastase activity destroying alveolar elastic tissue
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Overproduction of pulmonary surfactant
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Excessive mucus production from goblet cell hyperplasia
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autoimmune destruction of type II pneumocytes
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Defective chloride transport across airway epithelium
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 9 of 20

9. Question

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood from the tissues to the lungs in which of the following forms?

As bicarbonate ions
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Dissolved in plasma
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Bound to the haem group of haemoglobin
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

As carbamino compounds bound to plasma proteins
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

As carbonic acid in plasma
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 10 of 20

10. Question

Decompression sickness (“the bends”) occurring after rapid ascent from a deep dive is best explained by which of the following gas laws and mechanisms?

Henry's law causing nitrogen to come out of solution and form bubbles
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Boyle's law causing expansion of oxygen in the alveoli
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Dalton's law raising the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fick's law increasing nitrogen diffusion into tissues
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Charles's law causing gas expansion with cooling
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 11 of 20

11. Question

The immediate (early phase) bronchoconstriction in atopic asthma following allergen re-exposure is primarily mediated by which of the following?

IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation releasing histamine and leukotrienes
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated epithelial destruction
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Immune complex deposition in the bronchial wall
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Neutrophil-predominant delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

IgG-mediated complement activation
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 12 of 20

12. Question

Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin (HbA) primarily because of which of the following?

HbF has gamma chains that bind 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate less effectively than beta chains
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

HbF binds 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate more avidly than HbA
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

HbF has a higher iron content per molecule
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

HbF is present at lower concentrations, increasing affinity
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

HbF contains additional haem groups increasing oxygen capacity
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 13 of 20

13. Question

Which of the following best explains why pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure must rise substantially before frank pulmonary oedema develops?

There is a large gap between the low normal capillary hydrostatic pressure and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure, plus efficient lymphatic drainage
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The alveolar epithelium is freely permeable to protein
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure normally exceeds plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is strongly positive at baseline
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The pulmonary lymphatics are absent, preventing fluid removal
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 14 of 20

14. Question

A patient with metabolic acidosis is found to have a raised anion gap.

Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

Lactic acidosis
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Diarrhoeal loss of bicarbonate
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Renal tubular acidosis
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hyperchloraemia from saline administration
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Loss of hydrogen ions through vomiting
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 15 of 20

15. Question

Which of the following best explains the haemodynamic compromise seen in a tension pneumothorax?

Progressive accumulation of air in the pleural space raising intrathoracic pressure and impeding venous return
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Loss of surfactant reducing lung compliance
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Blood loss into the pleural cavity causing hypovolaemia
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Bronchoconstriction increasing airway resistance
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Alveolar collapse reducing the diffusion surface area alone
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 16 of 20

16. Question

The fundamental defect in cystic fibrosis that leads to thick, viscous airway secretions is best described as which of the following?

Dysfunction of the CFTR chloride channel impairing chloride and water transport across epithelium
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Defective sodium channels causing excessive water secretion
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autoimmune destruction of submucosal glands
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant from type II pneumocytes
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Overactivity of ciliary beating clearing excess fluid
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 17 of 20

17. Question

Small cell lung carcinoma is most characteristically associated with which of the following paraneoplastic syndromes due to ectopic hormone production?

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion causing hyponatraemia
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hypercalcaemia from parathyroid hormone-related peptide
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Polycythaemia from erythropoietin
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hyperthyroidism from thyroid-stimulating hormone
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hypoglycaemia from insulin-like growth factor
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 18 of 20

18. Question

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex serves which of the following functions in the control of breathing?

It terminates inspiration to prevent overinflation of the lungs
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It stimulates inspiration when lung volume falls too low
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It increases heart rate in response to hypoxia
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It mediates the cough reflex to irritants
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It controls airway calibre in response to carbon dioxide
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 19 of 20

19. Question

The characteristic histopathological finding in pulmonary sarcoidosis is which of the following?

Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Caseating granulomas with central necrosis
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Neutrophilic microabscesses
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Eosinophilic infiltration with Charcot-Leyden crystals
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ferruginous bodies within the interstitium
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 20 of 20

20. Question

Cheyne-Stokes respiration, characterised by cyclical crescendo-decrescendo breathing alternating with apnoea, is most likely to occur in which of the following circumstances?

Prolonged circulation time between the lungs and the brain, such as in heart failure
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Acute upper airway obstruction
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Bronchospasm from an acute asthma attack
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rapid ascent to high altitude with immediate acclimatisation
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Complete loss of the pontine respiratory centres
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect

Basic Sciences in Respiratory

Quiz Summary

Information

Results

Results

Categories

1. Question

2. Question

3. Question

4. Question

5. Question

6. Question

7. Question

8. Question

9. Question

10. Question

11. Question

12. Question

13. Question

14. Question

15. Question

16. Question

17. Question

18. Question

19. Question

20. Question